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TOEFL ITP/PBT Reading 13 Read the text and answer the questions.    PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-4) Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive areas of the Earth, are known to have occurred at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show evidence of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers. Ice ages can also be recognized from land formations that have been produced from moving walls of ice, such as Ushaped valleys, sculptured landscapes, and polished rock faces.   1. According to the passage, what happens during an ice age?  (A) Rock strata are recognized by geologists. (B) Evidence of foreign materials is found.  (C) Ice covers a large portion of the Earth's surface. (D) Ice melts six times.   2. The passage covers how many different methods of recognizing past ice ages? (A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four   3. According to the passage, what in the rock strata is a clue to geologists of a past ice age? (A) Ice (B) Melting glaciers (C) U-shaped valleys (D) Substances from other areas   PASSAGE TWO (Questions 5-7) The human heart is divided into four chambers, each of which serves its own function in the cycle of pumping blood. The atria are the thin-walled upper chambers that gather blood as it flows from the veins between heartbeats. The ventricles are the thick-walled lower chambers that receive blood from the atria and push it into the arteries with each contraction of the heart. The left atrium and ventricle work separately from those on the right. The role of the chambers on the right side of the heart is to receive oxygen-depleted blood from the body tissues and send it on to the lungs; the chambers on the left side of the heart then receive the oxygen-enriched blood from the lungs and send it back out to the body tissues.   5. The passage indicates that the ventricles (A) have relatively thin walls (B) send blood to the atria (C) are above the atria (D) force blood into the arteries   6. According to the passage, when is blood pushed into the arteries from the ventricles? (A) As the heart beats (B) Between heartbeats (C) Before each contraction of the heart (D) Before it is received by the atria   PASSAGE THREE (Questions 8-11) The Golden Age of Railroads refers to the period from the end of the Civil War to the beginning ofWorld War I when railroads flourished and, in fact, maintained a near monopoly in mass transportation in the United States. One of the significant developments during the period was the notable increase in uniformity, particularly through the standardization of track gauge and time. At the end of the Civil War, only about half of the nation 's railroad track was laid at what is now the standard gauge of 1.4 meters; much of the rest, particularly in the southern states, had a 1.5-meter gauge. During the postwar years, tracks were converted to the 1.4-meter gauge, and by June 1, 1886, the standardization of tracks was completed, resulting in increased efficiency and economy in the rail system. A further boon to railroad efficiency was the implementation of standard time in 1883. With the adoption of standard time, four time zones were established across the country, thus simplifying railroad scheduling and improving the efficiency of railroad service.   9. According to the passage, the Golden Age of Railroads (A) was a result of World War I (B) was a period when most of U.S. mass transportation was controlled by the railroads (C) resulted in a decrease in uniformity of track gauge (D) resulted in standardization of train stations   10. The passage mentions that which of the following occurred as a result of uniformity of track gauge? (A) The Civil War (B) Improved economy in the transportation system (C) Standardization of time zones (D) Railroad schedules   11. The passage indicates that standard time was implemented (A) before the Civil War (B) on June 1, 1886 (C) after World War I (D) before standardized track gauge was established throughout the United States